CCAMLR

The measurement of spatial overlap between predators and fisheries exploiting a common prey source is dependent upon the measurement scale used and the use of inappropriate scales may provide misleading results. Previous assessments of the level of overlap between predators and fisheries for Antarctic krill Euphausia superba in the South Shetland Islands have used different measurement scales and arrives at contradictory conclusions. At-sea data from observations of krill predators during the CCAMLR 2000 krill survey were used to identify the areas of potential overlap with fisheries in the Scotia Sea and to determine the scale at which such overlap should be measured. The relationship between auto-correlation and sampling distance was used to identify the characteristic scales of the distribution of predators, krill and krill fisheries and an effort-corrected index of relative abundance as a function of distance from land was used to identify the characteristics of areas of high potential for overlap. Despite distinct differences in foraging ecology a group of krill-dependent species including chinstrap penguin Pygoscelis antarctica, (Antarctic) fur seal Arctocephalus sp. (gazella) and white-chinned petrel Procellaria aequinoctialis showed similar patterns of distribution; the relative abundances were highest at 60 - 120 and decreased sharply t distances greater than 150 km from land. There was more inter-specific differences in the characteristic scales which were of the order of 50 - 100 km. Antarctic krill had a characteristic scale of c 200 km and the relationship with distance from land showed a log-linear decline. Krill fisheries operated at a scale of 150 km and almost all of this operation took place within 100 km of land. The requirement of land for breeding and the biological and oceanographic conditions that produce high concentrations of krill associated with those islands produce a system in which the demand for Antarctic krill from fisheries and predators is essentially co-extensive. The areas of greatest potential overlap are within 150 - 200 km of land and the extent of any such overlap in these areas should be assessed at scales of 70 - 100 km to accommodate the scales of operation of the predators involved.

In the north-eastern part of South Georgia Island shelf (Subarea 48.3) on 30 July 2001 for the first time we found out young and mature antarctic krill Euphasia superba individuals affected by the disease that had not been described earlier. In the period of winter and spring some males and females Euphasia superba of all size groups - from 27 to 52 cm - were affected. From winter to spring the percentage of krill invasion increased 2.3 times. In shelf zone and on the continental slope of the South Georgia Island northern part, where definite currents provided for isolation of krill aggregations, affected individuals occurred everywhere.

A history of development and completion of tasks put forward by WG-EMM is summarised for the period 1995-2001.

The diet of non-breeding male Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella was investigated at Harmony Point, Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands, by the analysis of 523 scats collected from January to March 2001 and 2002. The composition of the diet was diverse and both, pelagic and benthic-demersal preys were represented in the samples. Overall, the Antarctic Krill Euphausia superba and fish were the most frequent and numerous preys, followed by penguins (presumably Pygoscelis antarctica), cephalopods (mainly squids) and gastropods. Among fish, Myctophids represented 86.5% and 65.8% of the fish mass in both seasons, with Gymnoscopelus nicholsi being the main prey. Interestingly, penguins were represented in the 39.0% and 31.9% of the samples in 2001 and 2002 and, as reflected by the reconstructed diet, was the main prey by mass (74.0% and 76.1%). The occurrence of penguins in the diet of A. gazella at Harmony Point is discussed and analysed in relation to the foraging strategy used by seals and to the temporal prey availability.

The diet of non-breeding male Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella was investigated at different localities of the Antarctic Peninsula (Cierva Point and Hope Bay), South Shetland (Deception Island and Potter Peninsula) and South Orkney (Laurie Island) islands, by the analysis of 438 scats collected from January to March 2000. The composition of the diet was diverse and both, pelagic and benthic-demersal preys were represented in the samples. The Antarctic krill Euphausia superba was the most frequent (except at Cierva Point) and numerous prey at all the study sites, being followed by fish, penguins and cephalopods. The Antarctic krill also predominated by mass being followed by fish or penguins. Fish were the second most important prey by mass at the Antarctic Peninsula whereas penguins were at the South Shetland and South Orkney islands. Among fish, Pleuragramma antarcticum was the species that most contributed to the diet of the Antarctic fur seals at the Antarctic Peninsula whereas Gymnoscopelus nicholsi was at the South Shetland and South Orkney islands. The results are compared with previous studies and the possibility of implement monitoring studies on the distribution/abundance of Myctophids and P. antarcticum based in the analysis of the diet of the Antarctic fur seal is considered.

The diet of non-breeding male Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella was investigated at the Danco Coast, Antarctic Peninsula, by the analysis of 31 and 149 scats collected from January to March 1998 and 2000 respectively. Overall fish and krill, followed by penguins and squids, were the most frequent prey and constituted the bulk of the diet. The importance of the remaining taxa represented in the samples (octopods, gastropods, bivalves, isopods, polychaetes and porifera) was negligible. Among fish, Channichthyids constituted the bulk of the diet with Chionodraco rastrospinosus and Chaenodraco wilsoni, followed by the Nototheniid Pleuragramma antarcticum, being the main prey. The Myctophid Electrona antarctica was the most frequent and numerous fish prey. The results are discussed and compared with those reported for the South Shetland Islands, the closest area from where similar information is available.

Over 250 documents are now prepared and submitted each year to CCAMLR Meetings. These documents contain major contributions to the work of CCAMLR and provide an important record of the history of scientific, political and administrative developments. While readily accessible within the Secretariat, this literature is often difficult to access by Members undertaking work for CCAMLR. This point has been discussed by Working Groups, and various requests have been made for the Secretariat to examine the feasibility of creating a database of CCAMLR working documents that could be indexed by keywords and accessed by Members (eg SC-CAMLR-XX, Annex 5, paragraph 10.10ii).
We have designed a simple database in MS Access to catalog documents submitted to CCAMLR meetings. The database contains hyperlinks to documents available electronically in portable document format (pdf). The information in this database is subject to the rules for access and use of CCAMLR data.
At the time of writing, a total of 3824 references had been entered into the database, of which 1032 (27%) where hyperlinked to the pdf version of the source documents. The database and associated files currently occupy 1.25 Gb.

A review of the data in the CEMP database revealed minor inconsistencies that have now been amended. These inconsistencies had no effect on the CEMP indices, but needed to be corrected. Other problems were detected, such as the use of old forms and Standard Methods, and the increasing amount of automated data being collected and submitted. Members should ensure that they use the most current Standard Methods and CEMP forms found on the website (www.ccamlr.org). A review of the standard methods would ensure that everybody is satisfied with the existing methods, and new guidelines regarding automated collection could be incorporated. Preliminary analysis of breeding population size and breeding chronology of the Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) revealed a continual decline of the breeding population at Anvers Island. As the breeding success at this site has not declined also, local redistribution could be the cause. An examination of migration patterns in the Peninsula region would make show the validity of this theory. Water currents around the continent may have an important effect on the timing of critical dates in the breeding biology, however this needs to be examined more closely. Further analyses could be performed with the CEMP data, since the flying seabird and seal data have not yet been examined.

The paper presents a compilation of information and work pertaining to the krill fisheries in CCAMLR waters, including:
• report on catches for the last, complete season (2000/01: December 2000 to November 2001) and an update on catches in the current 2000/01 season;
• measures of overlap between the krill fishery and krill predators;
• further development of the plan for the krill fishery in Area 48;
• evaluation of available methods for forecasting closure dates; and
• further development of the questionnaire on fishing strategy.

The CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program uses indices derived from data on indicator species and the environment collected by standard methods within the three Integrated Study Regions of the Convention Area. Standardised index values are re-calculated each year as new data become available, and trends and anomalies in these data are presented.